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Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus, anglicised as Tertullian (), c. 155 – c. 240 AD,〔Robert Audi, ''The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy'', Cambridge University Press, p. 908, 1999〕 was a prolific early Christian author from Carthage in the Roman province of Africa.〔T. D. Barnes, ''Tertullian: a Historical and Literary Study'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985), 58.〕 He is the first Christian author to produce an extensive corpus of Latin Christian literature. He also was a notable early Christian apologist and a polemicist against heresy, including contemporary Christian Gnosticism.〔Arthur Versluis, "Magic and Mysticism", Rowman & Littlefield, 2007. p. 23〕 Tertullian has been called "the father of Latin Christianity"〔Ekonomou 2007, Page 22 (Google Books )〕 and "the founder of Western theology."〔Justo L. Gonzáles, ''The Story of Christianity, Volume 1: The Early Church to the Dawn of the Reformation'' (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2010), 91–93.〕 Though conservative, he did originate and advance new theology to the early Church. He is perhaps most famous for being the oldest extant Latin writer to use the term ''Trinity'' (Latin: ''Trinitas''),〔"Trinitas" is itself a Latinization of the Greek "he trias" (the Triad), a term that was used earlier than Tertullian by Theophilus of Antioch in ''Ad Autolycum'' 2.15 to refer to God, God's Logos (Jesus), and God's Sophia (Holy Spirit)〕 and giving the oldest extant formulation of the Trinitarian terminology later adopted at the First Council of Nicaea.〔In ''Adversus Praxean''; see Barnes for a summary of the work.〕 Other Latin formulations that first appear in his work are "three persons, one substance" as the Latin "tres personae, una substantia" (itself from the Koine Greek "treis hypostases, homoousios").〔 He wrote his trinitarian formula after becoming a Montanist.〔 However, unlike many Church fathers, he was never recognized as a saint by the Church, as several of his later teachings on issues such as remarriage for widows and persecution contradicted the teachings of the Church. == Life == Scant reliable evidence exists to inform us about Tertullian's life. Most history about him comes from passing references in his own writings. Roman Africa was famous as the home of orators and this influence can be seen in his style with its archaisms or provincialisms, its glowing imagery and its passionate temper. He was a scholar with an excellent education. He wrote at least three books in Greek. In them he refers to himself, but none of these are extant. According to church tradition, he was raised in Carthage〔Cross, F. L., ed. ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church''. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005〕 and was thought to be the son of a Roman centurion; Tertullian has been claimed to be a trained lawyer, and an ordained priest. These assertions rely on the accounts of Eusebius of Caesarea, ''Church History'', II, ii. 4, and Jerome's ''De viris illustribus'' (On famous men) chapter 53.〔See introduction to Timothy Barnes, ''Tertullian: A Historical and Literary Study''; however Barnes retracted some of his positions in the 1985 revised edition〕 Jerome claimed that Tertullian's father held the position of ''centurio proconsularis'' ("aide-de-camp") in the Roman army in Africa.〔Jerome, 'Chronicon' 16.23-4〕 However, it is unclear whether any such position in the Roman military ever existed.〔Barnes, Timothy. ''Tertullian: A Historical and Literary Study'', Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1971, pg. 11 (Google Books )〕〔()〕 Further, Tertullian has been thought to be a lawyer based on his use of legal analogies and an identification of him with the jurist Tertullianus, who is quoted in the ''Pandects''. Although Tertullian used a knowledge of Roman law in his writings, his legal knowledge does not demonstrably exceed that of what could be expected from a sufficient Roman education.〔Barnes, pg. 24, 27〕 The writings of Tertullianus, a lawyer of the same ''cognomen,'' exist only in fragments and do not denote a Christian authorship. (Tertullianus was misidentified only much later with the Christian Tertullian by church historians.)〔Barnes, pg. 23〕 Finally, any notion of Tertullian being a priest is also questionable. In his extant writings, he never describes himself as ordained〔Barnes, pg. 11〕 in the church and seems to place himself among the laity.〔Tertullian, De Exhortatione Castitatis 7.3 and De Monogamia 12.2〕 His conversion to Christianity perhaps took place about 197–198 (cf. Adolf Harnack, Bonwetsch, and others), but its immediate antecedents are unknown except as they are conjectured from his writings. The event must have been sudden and decisive, transforming at once his own personality. He said of himself that he could not imagine a truly Christian life without such a conscious breach, a radical act of conversion: "Christians are made, not born" (''Apol.'', xviii). Two books addressed to his wife confirm that he was married to a Christian wife. In middle life (about 207), he was attracted to the "New Prophecy" of Montanism, and seems to have split from the mainstream church. In the time of Augustine, a group of "Tertullianists" still had a basilica in Carthage which, within that same period, passed to the orthodox Church. It is unclear whether the name was merely another for the Montanists〔The passage in ''Praedestinatus'' describing the Tertullianists suggests that this might have been the case, as the Tertullianist minister obtains the use of a church in Rome on the grounds that the martyrs to whom it was dedicated were Montanists. But the passage is very condensed and ambiguous.〕 or that this means Tertullian later split with the Montanists and founded his own group. Jerome〔''De viris illustribus'' 53〕 says that Tertullian lived to a great age, but there is no reliable source attesting to his survival beyond the estimated year 225 AD. In spite of his schism from the Church, he continued to write against heresy, especially Gnosticism. Thus, by the doctrinal works he published, Tertullian became the teacher of Cyprian and the predecessor of Augustine, who, in turn, became the chief founder of Latin theology. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tertullian」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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